The Early History Of Psychological Warfare Essay - 1965 Words

Table of Contents Introduction to psychological warfare 2 The early history of psychological warfare 3 The beginning of modern psychological warfare 4 Later use of psychological warfare 5 Conclusion and points of view 7 References 8 Introduction to psychological warfare Never underestimate the effects of psychology in wars, it can make or break both the ally and opponent. As a person who lived in a country that lived by the propaganda every day for almost thirty years, I only catch glimpse of it when I was young. Nowadays, it is like another battle not in field, but in the media. According to the Dictionary, the definition of psychological warfare is, The use of propaganda, threats, and other psychological techniques to mislead, intimidate, demoralize, or otherwise influence the thinking or behavior of an opponent. It is misbelieved that the psychological warfare is a modern invention, but in fact it goes back to ancient times. It was used in several wars against Greeks, Babylon, and Athens. There three categories of psychological warfare operations according to Daniel Lerner, in his book. They are white propaganda, grey propaganda and black propaganda. The white one is truthful and not strongly biased, where the source of information is acknowledged. While grey containing no information that can be proven wrong; the source is not identified. Finally black one which is essentially deceitful, information given in the product is accredited to aShow MoreRelated Guerilla Warfare Essay655 Words   |  3 Pages Guerrilla Warfare The term guerrilla (Spanish, â€Å"little war†) originated in the early 19th century during the Peninsular war when, after the defeat of Spain’s regular forces, Spanish irregulars and civilians rose up against the French occupying forces. 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Essay about The Life of Abraham Lincoln - 2496 Words

The Life of Abraham Lincoln Although other states such as Indiana lay claim to his birth, most sources agree that Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a backwoods cabin in Hodgeville, Kentucky. In an interview during his campaign for the presidency in 1860 Lincoln described his adolescence as quot;the short and simple annals of the poor.quot; (p 30). His father Thomas was a farmer who married Nancy Hanks, his mother, in 1806. Lincoln had one sister, Sarah, who was born in 1807.The Lincoln family was more financially comfortable than most despite the common historical picture of complete poverty. They moved to Indiana because of the shaky system of land titles in Kentucky. Because the Lincolns arrived in Spencer County at†¦show more content†¦The next step for such an ambitious man was obvious--he entered politics, finishing eighth out of thirteen in a race for the Illinois House of Representatives in August of 1832.Abraham Lincoln was a strong supporter of Whig founder Henry Clay and his quot;American System.quot; This system that arose from the National Rebublicans of 1824 was in opposition to the powerful Democratic party of President Andrew Jackson. Lincoln agreed with Clay that the government should be a positive force with the purpose of serving the people. Internal improvements were high on both mens lists, and this stand made the relatively unknown Lincoln popular in rural Illinois from th e start. As the Whigs rose in stature throughout the 1830s, so did Lincoln, but not without paying his dues along the way.For eighty days in the spring and early summer of 1832 Lincoln served in the military. On a constant search for Black Hawk, war leader of the Sauk and Fox Indians, he never saw any fighting but he did prove to be a superior leader of men in some of the most trying situations, including threats of desertion. quot;In return for his eleven and a half weeks of service Lincoln earned a mere $125, but the connections that he made with future leaders of Illinois and the experiencing of life from a soldiers viewpoint proved to be priceless in his future political careerquot; (p 80). During this time Lincoln ran for and won a seat in the Illinois Legislature with bipartisan support.In 1846 LincolnShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Abraham Lincoln754 Words   |  4 PagesValenzuela 1 Issac Valenzuela Mrs. Barr 7th Grade Literature May 24, 2016 The Life of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born and raised in a log cabin. He was born on February 12, 1809. His mother was a great Christian. She often told them stories from the Bible. One day, Lincoln’s mother died of poisoned milk when he was only nine. Abraham Lincoln was one of the tallest presidents in our history. He was six feet, four inches tall. When he was elected president, he started theRead MoreThe Life Of Abraham Lincoln1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Life of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, Civil Rights Activist, U.S. Representative, U.S. President, and lawyer is regarded as one of America’s most successful presidents due to his incredible impact on the nation, and his views on slavery and civil rights. Abraham Lincoln, also referred to by Honest Abe, had one of the hardest jobs a president can have and that is being a war-time leader. Despite the odds, Lincoln persevered through his rough childhood and found his way into politics and laterRead MoreThe Life of Abraham Lincoln1452 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln was born on February 12th , 1809. Lincoln was born in Hardin County, Kentucky in a single-room log cabin. Abraham Lincoln was named after his grandfather. His parents were Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. When Abraham Lincoln was young, they had to move to Perry County, Indiana where times were tough and they struggled to get by. When Lincoln was nine years old, his mother died at age 34 from a milk sickness caused by drinking the milk of cows feeding on poisonousRead MoreThe Life of Abraham Lincoln Essays1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Life of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809, in Nolin Creek , Kentucky. His father was Thomas Lincoln from virginia born january 6, 1778,and Nancy Hanks born February 5, 1784, they were married June 12, 1806. He developedRead MoreLife and Leadership of Abraham Lincoln3614 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Abraham Lincoln was born to Thomas and Nancy (nee Hanks) Lincoln in Sinking Spring Farm, Kentucky on February 12, 1809 in a cabin in the backwoods three miles south of Hodgenville (McPherson). His family lived meagerly with his clothes being fashioned from the skins of animals his fathers shot down. He helped his parents around the house weeding the garden, bringing in firewood and water, gathering wild grapes from the woods, and helping to sow seeds at planting time (Thomas, 2008). Years laterRead MoreThe Life And Presidency Of Abraham Lincoln1375 Words   |  6 Pagesacquire these traits through personal experience or through exemplary leadership. The life and presidency of Abraham Lincoln â€Å"demonstrated that he possessed all of the great leadership qualities.† (Phillips). Lincoln’s philosophies on interacting amongst troops, encouraging innovation, handling unjust cri ticism, and being a master of paradox are still applicable in modern day pharmacy practice. 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American inetervention in vietnam Essay Example For Students

American inetervention in vietnam Essay During the Cold War, the United States of America was determined to act as the superior nation in the world. They believed that every country was inferior to them in regards to military power, economic stability and moral beliefs. After the assassination of former President John F. Kennedy, the Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took over in Washington. He was pressured to follow through on the late Presidents programs and policies on Vietnam which entailed the demonstration of Americas strength and responsibility. It is argued that American intervention in Vietnam was caused by structural weakness in the National Security Council and inadequate attention to long- range policy planning. In addition, Johnsons inexperience and naivety regarding foreign policy and the optimistic belief of creating a flawless world. A main cause of American involvement was the weakness of the mechanism for determining the framework of foreign policy. The establishment of the National Security Council came about in 1947. It was to bridge the gulf between considerations of foreign policy and considerations of the military force which was to conduct external relations.1 Apparently, the U.S.A. had had no central authority that linked the organizations of the Military Services and the State Department. As a result, the government decided that in order to be successful in international affairs the two groups had to work together. The NSC ensured detailed coordination of all major factors of U.S. foreign policy decisions.2 It was odd that both President Truman and Eisenhower had success with this organization and when Kennedy came to office he decided to change it. He preferred to rely on small groups to be responsible for policy formation and execution therefore, he was more comfortablewith a broad knowledge of foreig n affairs and a strong distaste for being hemmed in by too much organization.3 This informal system carried serious dangers of insufficient coordination, as the travesty at the Bay of Pigs soon showed and Johnson was unfortunate to inherit it.4 Lyndon Johnson had many vital decisions to make when he was in office. The fragmented NSC was not an efficient instrument since he had to conclude whether or not to continue supporting Vietnam militarily and economically. Our large-scale military entry into the Vietnam War in early 1965 reflected the piecemeal consideration of interrelated issues, and that this was the natural consequence of a fragmented NSC and a general inattention to long-range policy planning. Consultation, even knowledge of the basic facts, was confined to a tight circle of presidential advisors,and there appears to have been little systematic debate outside that group.5The White-House was primarily for action or reaction and not a place for reflective thought on difficult long-term problems, this was a result for an absence of comprehensive policy analysis.6 The Policy Planning Staff, during the years of 1961- 1966 tried to figure out a possible solution through the National Policy Papers. These papers set down responsible lines of policy for the U.S. government to follow. Apparently, the principal department heads, Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, were unwilling to spend the personal time r equired to reach any agreement and furthermore, no one would take the time to read or endorse the Papers. The general inattention to long-range policy planning is demonstrated by the decisions and actions that marked the largescale military entry into the Vietnam War in early 1965 which reflected the piecemeal consideration of interrelated issues.7The United States was determined that bombing North Vietnam was a tactic of maintaining the conflict within boundaries. Hanoi was believed to surrender shortly after bombing and during the pauses, negotiations would take place. North Vietnam was convinced that bombing would not affect their behaviour and if they prolong the wartheir forces will grow stronger, the enemy forces will be weakened. Protracted negotiationswould erode its adversarys will.8 This illustrates the poor planning on U.S. governments behalf since they were convinced that their military force would have a great impact on Hanois decisions. Johnsons inability to effectively enforce leadership commands were evident during his term in office. This president portrayed no central guiding philosophy in foreign policy and there was confirmation of slackness in coordinating disparate elements. This was the result of little background and uncertainty in foreign affairs.9 Johnson lacked moral courage in the Vietnam conflict which illustrates his incapabilities to lead a country of great power. Even presidential aides were sceptical about Johnsons ability as a Vice-President. Kennedy had sent him on a special investigative mission to Saigon and the story was spread that Johnson,fearing he would be killed, had argued for two weeks against the journey: I dont want to embarrass you by getting my head blown off in Saigon. The young president supposedly answered: Thats all right Lyndon. If anything happens to you out there, Sam Rayburn and I will give you the biggest funeral in the history of Austin, Texas. Kennedys aidesnoted that th e vice-president agreed to go only if Kennedys sisterwent along to prove there was little danger.10Johnson inherited a loose and flexible organization which his personal existing characteristics did not match. His galvanic temperament, irregular administrative habits, and passion for secretiveness could or would have used a more formal structure to good advantage.11 It appeared that Johnson was incapable to deal with such an intricate dilemma in comparison to the previous presidents. File Sharing Systems EssayAmerican intervention in the Vietnam War stemmed from previous conflicts which they were involved in. The Cold War was unresolved since the States were determined to prevent Communist invasion over the world. It was ironic that a country with such a powerful reputation had weak organization. The fragmented National Security Council contributed to the poor strategy planning for Vietnam War. An attempt to combine the Military Services and the State Department was not successful during Johnsons term in office since it was proved to be an ineffective informal structure. As a President, Johnson had little background in foreign affairs and his lack of confidence contributed to the failure within the Vietnam conflict. Taking all matters into account it is apparent and predictably obvious that the United States had no concrete plan to win the War. Bibliography:Berman, Larry, Lyndon Johnsons War., New York, 1989. Brown, Weldon A., The Last Chopper., New York, 1976. Goodman, Allan E., The Lost Peace., Stanford, 1978. Hoopes, Townsend, The Limits of Intervention., New York, 1973. Turner, Kathleen J., Lyndon Johnsons Dual War., Chicago, 1985. The Pentagon Papers., Boston: Beacon Press, vol.3vol.4. ENDNOTES1.Townsend Hoopes, The Limits of Intervention. (New York,1973),p.2. 2.Ibid, p.33.Ibid, p.5. 4.Ibid, p.5. 5.Weldon A. Brown, The Last Chopper. (New York, 1976),p.6. 6.Hoopes, p.5. 7. Hoopes, p.7. 8.Allan E. Goodman, The Lost Peace. (Stanford, 1978), p.12. 9.Hoopes, p.210. Brown, p.7. 11. Hoopes, p.5. 12 Hoopes, p.8. 13. Hoopes, p.8. 14. Hoopes, p.12. 15. Hoopes, p.13. 16. Hoopes, p.14. 17. Hoopes, p.15. 18. Hoopes, p.16. 19. Hoopes, p.17. 20. Hoopes, Op.cit., p.1721. The Pentagon Papers. (Boston:Beacon Press) vol.3,p.715. 22. Hoopes, p.18. 23. Hoopes, Op.cit.,p.19. 24. Larry Berman, Lyndon Johnsons War.(New York,1989),p.9. 25. The Pentagon Papers.(Boston:Beacon Press) vol.4,p.641.